Understanding Soft Power in U.S. Foreign Policy

Soft power is a term used to describe a nations use of cooperative programs and monetary aide to persuade other nations to ascribe to its policies. Origin of the Phrase Dr. Joseph Nye, Jr., a noted foreign policy scholar, and practitioner coined the phrase soft power in 1990. Nye has served as the dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, chairman of the National Intelligence Council, and assistant secretary of defense in President Bill Clintons administration. He has written and lectured extensively on the idea and usage of soft power. Nye describes soft power as the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than through coercion. He sees strong relations with allies, economic assistance programs, and vital cultural exchanges as examples of soft power. Obviously, soft power is the opposite of hard power. Hard power includes the more noticeable and predictable power associated with military force, coercion, and intimidation. One of the main objectives of foreign policy is to get other nations to adopt your policy goals as their own. Soft power programs can often influence that without the expense—in people, equipment, and munitions—and animosity that military power can create. Examples The classic example of American soft power is the Marshall Plan. After World War II, the United States pumped billions of dollars into war-ravaged Western Europe to prevent it from falling to the influence of the Communist Soviet Union. The Marshall Plan included humanitarian aid, such as food and medical care; expert advice for rebuilding destroyed infrastructures, such as transportation and communication networks and public utilities; and outright monetary grants. Educational exchange programs, such as President Barack Obamas 100,000 Strong initiative with China, are also an element of soft power and so are all varieties of disaster assistance programs, such as flood control in Pakistan; earthquake relief in Japan and Haiti; tsunami relief in Japan and India; and famine relief in the Horn of Africa. Nye also sees American cultural exports, such as movies, soft drinks, and fast-food chains, as an element of soft power. While those also include the decisions of many private American businesses, U.S. international trade and business policies enable those cultural exchanges to occur. Cultural exchanges repeatedly impress foreign nations with the freedom and openness of U.S. business and communication dynamics. The internet, which reflects American freedom of expression, is also a soft power. Obamas administration reacted harshly to attempts of some nations to curb the internet to eliminate the influence of dissidents, and they readily pointed to the effectiveness of social media in encouraging the rebellions of the Arab Spring. Decline of Soft Power Nye has seen a decline in the United States use of soft power since 9/11. The wars of Afghanistan and Iraq and the Bush Doctrines use of preventive warfare and unilateral decision making have all eclipsed the value of soft power in the minds of people at home and abroad. Under the presidency of Donald Trump, the United States dropped from the top ranked in the world in soft power to fourth in 2018, according to Fortune, as the country shifts toward unilateralism as part of Trumps America First policy. Paired With Hard Power Venture capitalist and political scientist Eric X. Li argues that soft power cant exist without hard power. He says in Foreign Policy: In reality, soft power is and always will be an extension of hard power. Imagine if the United States had become poor, destitute, and weak like many of the new democracies around the world but had retained its liberal values and institutions. Few other countries would continue to want to be like it. North Korean leader Kim Jong Uns meetings with Trump as a perceived equal were not made possible by soft power, notes Li, but by hard power. Russia meanwhile, has been using soft power in an underhanded way to subvert politics in the West. China, on the other hand, has turned to a new form of soft power to aid its economy as well as that of others while not embracing the values of its partners. As Li describes it, This is, in many ways, the opposite of Nye’s formulation, with all the downfalls that approach entails: overreach, the illusion of universal appeals, and internal and external backlashes.

Running Head Dual Relationships1. . Dual Relationships

Running head: DUAL RELATIONSHIPS 1 DUAL RELATIONSHIPS 11 Dual Relationship Issues in Social Work Clinical Supervision Melissa Harcrow WNMU School of Social Work Definition of Problem The ethics of social workers engaging in possible conflicts of interest in the case of boundary and dual relationships presents major challenges for the clinical social work supervisor. After the many mistakes in this realm during the formative period of social work during the 20th century the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) and the American Psychological Association (APA) have defined various code of ethics and practice standards in order to shield vulnerable clients from over-confident, manipulative, or confused†¦show more content†¦It centers on a holistic approach to psychotherapy and the client’s relationship to his or her environment. Clinical social work views the client’s relationship with his or her environment as essential to treatment planning.† (NASW, 2008) Through the lens of the Code of Ethics, various guidelines have the potential to be impacted through this practice if attention to method, transference /countertransference, mindfulness and competence are not examined. The three primary ethical principles that have the potential to be impacted would be; 1) Social workers practice within their areas of competence and develop and enhance their professional expertise, 2) Social workers recognize the central importance of human relationships, and 3) Social workers respect the inherent dignity and worth of the person. To ensure that all three potential conflicts are not present, a supervisee should research and interview potential clinical supervisors prior to engaging in a contractual relationship. Secondly, a supervisee should partner with their potential supervisor to discuss, evaluate, and plan for potential pitfalls within the relationship through a very objectively written contract with accountability built in to ensure that potential issues are proactively addressed. And finally, a

Gender, Race, Social Class And Relationship Essay

Gender, Race, Social Class and Relationship â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie† is in the first story collection of Junot Diaz that was published in 1996. Junot Diaz was born in Dominican Republic, he moved to the United States at the age of seven. He is currently a creative writing teacher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Meyer 97). In the short story, Diaz describes how a teenage boy approaches romantic relationships and characterizes the girls based on their race and social class, instead of focusing on their individuality. The author also adds some sarcastic details to point out that a relationship should be built on trust, not massive lies. In the book Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory, Barry defines narratology â€Å"as the study of how narratives make meaning, and what the basic mechanisms and procedures are which are common to all acts of story-telling† (Barry 214). Barry also introduces the narrative theories of famous narratologist s - Aristotle, Vladimir Propp, and Gerard Genette. In Genette’s theory, he discusses six areas including narrative mode, focalisation, kinds of narrators, timing, types of narratives, and different types of speeches. The story â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie† answers six questions from the theory of Genette and has successfully depicted Diaz’s theme regarding the impact of gender, race, and social class on one’s behavior towards others, In hisShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Daughter From Danang 1272 Words   |  6 PagesThrough the process of social construction, various social statuses, such as race, class, and gender, are given a deeper meaning than simply a category. In turn, these statuses begin having an effect on the groups they encompass, causing some groups to become dominate over others and shaping the hierarchy of their society. 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Voting System free essay sample

Introduction The Student Council elections have always been a perennial activity for every school. It is an activity wherein each student is required to choose from a set of candidates who will represent each position in the Student Council. In order for the student to accomplish this, the student must go through several processes. First the student must go to the Administration Office if he is a registered voter, then goes to the voting area and chooses the candidates he likes. After that, the student submits the filled-up ballot form to the voting administrator in order for his votes to be cast. Then the student is marked with an indelible ink to signify that he has already voted. After all the votes have been cast, the voting procedure goes again through several processes. The votes are collected and are then counted, which could take several hours to several days, depending on the volume of votes. B. Background of the Study The introduction of computers greatly enhances the speed and efficiency of voting process. Results could be attained even right after the elections reducing the time to a mere fraction compared to the time it takes if the voting is done manually. It also increases the level of the voting experience because of multimedia enhancements. The manual voting system of San Juan National High school lacks the advantages of a Graphical User Interface that the Windows OS could offer. It is in this effect that the proponent has decided to propose a system to improve the existing manual voting system. The proponent aims to convert the existing manual system into a Graphical User Interface to take advantage of the many possibilities that a visual program could offer. C. The Theoretical Framework The following paradigm illustrates the theory of the input-process-output of the system. Existing System Proposed System Fig 1. 0 Theoretical Framework of Existing and Proposed System The Theoretical Framework of the study can be clearly explained through the Input-Processed-Output Paradigm. The Input represents those things that brought into the system processing. Processing is the step that represents the transformation of the things that entered the system as input. A series of processing that takes place to complete the transformation. The system will be the one to provide the list of all the candidates for each position, thus, giving the user the easiness and time-saving effort compared to the manual system. The system will automatically tabulate the votes of the user. The results of the processing are represented by the Output that is the results of the tabulation for each candidate. The middle portion of the paradigm represents the existing system, illustrating the manual process of gathering information from the student. This serves as the proponents input, then the process is the one wherein the proponents fills up the necessary forms, listing down all the candidates, plus the effort of the administrator to tally all the votes manually and compute the total number of votes for each candidates, thus, resulting to the output wherein the administrator will produce the results of the election. D. Statement of the Problem The study aims on the development and design of Student Council Voting to make it more efficient for the students and staff in the campus. The study will answer the following questions: 1. What are the perception of the student and staff on the following items: a. Accuracy of casting votes b. Speed of processing of the entire voting procedure. c. Security of vote ballots. 2. How speed affects the efficiency of Student Council Election in terms of paper ballot system? 3. In case there’s a need to deliver additional candidates information during the voting procedure, is it possible to add one? E. Significance of the Study The focus of this study is on the improvement of manual system of San Juan National High school. Aside from the fact that it can be used in a school-based election, for future enhancements and modifications, it can also be used in a nationwide election. Economic Significance. Due to the fact that the existing manual system is very time consuming, with the proposed system it can be used as a tool for decreasing the number of people assisting the election. Hence, it lessen the cost of the school expenses. Social Significance. We can say that the proposed system is subject for enhancement in case that it will be used for the small organization election, thus, making the Philippines one of the countries that will be practicing a computerized system election for academic institution. In addition, it also familiarized people how computerized voting works. Technological Significance. The system has its contribution for the development and widely use of technology. F. Scope and Delimitation The proponent proposed a system entitled, â€Å"SJNHS Student Council’s Voting System† which will be programmed in Visual Basic. Net. The proposed system is capable of running in a networked environment and has a user-friendly interface. The proposed system also has improved efficiency in terms of program security. It can also produce a printed output of the tally sheets of each candidate. It can also display all the names of the voters and those who haven’t voted yet. The student should only enter their voter id number and they will already be able to vote. The system has also its limitations. It cannot be applied in a nationwide electoral area. G. Definition of terms Vote.